Biblioteca de Actividades de los Centro Colaboradores de la OPS/OMS

PAHO/WHO CC in Knowledge Management (ARG-34)

Producto basado en la web   

• Information systems for health (IS4H) framework
• Kit de herramientas de sistemas de información para la salud (IS4H) 

PAHO/WHO CC in eHealth (SPA-50) 

Capacitación 

• eSalud para gestores y tomadores de decisión
• Acceso y uso de la información científica en salud  

Producto basado en la web  

• Information systems for health (IS4H) framework
• Kit de herramientas de sistemas de información para la salud (IS4H) 

PAHO/WHO CC for the Family of International Classifications (MEX-23)

Web-based product 

• Contributed to the revision and translation of the ICD-11 Reference guide.
• Assisted in the dissemination and training efforts on the use of the ICD-11.

PAHO/WHO CC for Health Equity Monitoring (BRA-84) 

Capacitación 

• Tutorial: Creating equiplots using Stata 
• Tutorial: Slope index of inequality 

Informe 

• State of inequality: reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health 

Producto basado en la web  

• Health equity assessment toolkit plus (HEAT plus) 
• Equiplot Creator Tool 
• Equity Dashboard 

Publicación Científica 

• State of inequality in diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunisation coverage in low-income and middle-income countries: a multicountry study of household health surveys 

• Ethnic group inequalities in coverage with reproductive, maternal and child health interventions: cross-sectional analyses of national surveys in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries 

• Contraceptive use in Latin America and the Caribbean with a focus on long-acting reversible contraceptives: prevalence and inequalities in 23 countries 

• Analyses of inequalities in RMNCH: rising to the challenge of the SDGs 

• Are the poorest poor being left behind? Estimating global inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health 

• Large and persistent subnational inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health intervention coverage in sub- Saharan Africa  

• Wealth-related inequalities in the coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions in 36 countries in the African Region 

• Just societies: a new vision for health equity in the Americas after COVID-19 

• SDG3-related inequalities in women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health: an SDG monitoring baseline for Latin America and the Caribbean using national cross-sectional surveys 

• Social vulnerability as a risk factor for death due to severe paediatric COVID-19 

• Health inequity focus in pandemic preparedness and response plans 

PAHO/WHO CC for Global Health and South-South Collaboration (BRA-76) 

Informe

• Mapeamento das atividades relacionadas aos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável dos Centros Colaboradores da organização Pan‐Americana da saúde no Brasil  

Producto basado en la web  

• Observatório sobre iniquidades em saúde

Knowledge Management

PAHO/WHO CC for Global Health and South-South Collaboration (BRA-76) 

Report

• Mapeamento das atividades relacionadas aos objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável dos Centros Colaboradores da organização Pan‐Americana da saúde no Brasil  

Web-based product

• Observatório sobre iniquidades em saúde

PAHO/WHO CC in Knowledge Management and Communication (CUB-27) 

Capacitación 

• Reference tools - Mendeley, Zotero, EndNote  

Producto basado en la web  

• Ciro de Quadros: Uma Jornada Global pela Imunização e pela Melhoria da Saúde Pública 

PAHO/WHO CC for Bioethics (CHI-21) 

Informe

• Pautas éticas internacionales para la investigación relacionada con la salud con seres humanos 
• Pautas de la OMS sobre la ética en la vigilancia de la salud pública 

PAHO/WHO CC in Ethics and Global Health Policy  (USA-330) 

Informe

• Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health

PAHO/WHO CC for the Development of Professional Nursing (MEX-19)*

Report

• Enfermería y COVID-19: la voz de sus protagonistas

Scientific Publication 

• Situation of nursing education in Latin America and the Caribbean towards universal health
• Predictors of nursing students’ academic performance in the National Autonomous University of Mexico, 2010-2019: retrospective study
• Qualification of nursing potential in maternal mortality in Mexico
• The correlates of precarious working conditions in the Mexican nursing labor market 2005-2018: A repeated cross-sectional study

Training

• Liderazgo en Enfermería ¿Para qué?

PAHO/WHO CC for Education of Health Technicians (BRA-59) 

Informe

• A formação dos trabalhadores técnicos em saúde no Brasil e no Mercosul 

Publicación Científica

• Trabalho, Educação e Saúde  
• Publicações técnicas de saúde 

Capacitación

• Curso de especialização formação para docentes da área da saúde da universidade da República do Uruguai  
• Formação dos trabalhadores técnicos em saúde no Brasil - 2010-2015  
• Formação de técnicos em saúde 
• Latin American Colloquium on Interprofessional Education and the Training of Health Technicians 

Webinar

• La determinación social de los arboviroses: vigilancia sanitaria y acciones territorializadas - 2018  
• Dilemas, conflictos y perspectivas geopolíticas en África y América Latina - 2018  
• 40 años de Alma-Ata y el papel de los trabajadores técnicos en salud en la efectivización de sistemas universales de salud - 2018  
• Interprofessional Education in the training and work of health technicians - 2019
• 8th RETS Webinar: 'Accreditation of training institutions for technical health workers' 
• COVID-19 y la formación de técnicos en salud - 2020  

PAHO/WHO CC for Nursing Research Development (BRA-32) 

Informe

• Cuidados no ambiente de assistência hospitalar ao paciente com suspeita ou diagnóstico de COVID-19 
• Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19  
• Produção e uso de informações confiáveis e cientificamente comprovadas: alertas do Projeto AGIR-COV-2020  
• Projeto AGIR e o alerta para a utilização adequada de instrumentos de dados em pesquisa 
• Formación doctoral en enfermería en América Latina y el Caribe

Publicación Científica

• Cultural adaptation and update of the Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19 questionnaire for the Brazilian context 

Capacitación

• PAHO supports training in Master's and Doctoral programs for nurses in Guyana  

Producto basado en la web

• Fotografía de la enfermería en el Brasil  
• WHO national health workforce accounts  
• Pan American directory of schools of nursing 

Webinar

• Fortalecimento das capacidades dos enfermeiros da América Latina por meio da formação doutoral (Gravação do dia 2)  

PAHO/WHO CC for Advanced Practice Nursing (USA-272) 

Publicación Científica

• Moving towards universal health coverage: advanced practice nurse competencies 
• Clinical nursing and midwifery research in Latin American and Caribbean countries: scoping review 

PAHO/WHO CC for International Nursing Development in Primary Health (USA-193) 

Informe

• Perspectives and contributions of nursing to the promotion of universal health  

Publicación Científica

• Situation of nursing education in Latin America and the Caribbean towards universal health 

PAHO/WHO CC for Nursing and Midwifery Leadership (USA-206) 

Informe

• Formación doctoral en enfermería en América Latina y el Caribe 

Capacitación

• PhD nursing education summit  
• Leadership in nursing for what and for whom?  

Webinar

• Building research excellence in Latin America and the Caribbean
• Nursing and quality of care

PAHO/WHO CC for Nursing and Midwifery Development in the Caribbean (JAM-15) 

Capacitación

• Improving simulation instructional methods (iSIM)

PAHO/WHO CC in Primary Care Nursing and Health Human Resources (CAN-39) 

Capacitación

• Nursing leadership: empowering nurse leaders in Latin America and the Caribbean  

PAHO/WHO CC for Nursing Human Resources Development and Patient Safety (USA-349) 

Capacitación

• Transforming Nursing Education in Guyana 
• Nursing Leadership: Empowering Nurses in Latin America and the Caribbean (New)

PAHO/WHO CC for International Nursing (USA-241) 

Publicación Científica

• Academic service-learning nursing partnerships in the Americas: a scoping review  

Capacitación

• Domestic violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic  
• International scholars program   
• Quality improvement in nursing and midwifery educational programs  

Webinar

• Capacity-Building of Advanced Practice Nurses in Managing Patients with Cancer  
• Diabetes Basics and the APN Role  
• Quality improvement in nursing education: future perspectives in the post-pandemic era  

PAHO/WHO CC for Innovative Health Workers Education, Service, and Research Models (USA-336) 

Informe

• WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes 

PAHO/WHO CC in Health Technology (MEX-24) 

Report

• Supported the strengthening and exchange of information on new technologies in the Americas through reports on medications for the treatment of insufficiency acute heart disease and obesity, as well as vaccines and in vitro diagnostic tests for the prevention, screening, and detection of cervical cancer. Likewise, it has collaborated in the technical review of two manuals on the adaptation and implementation of evidence-based guidelines for the Region.

PAHO/WHO CC for Development of Midwifery (CHI-18) 

Capacitación 

• Proyecto de capacitación de recursos humanos para la salud para mejorar la calidad de la salud materna en América Latina y el Caribe 

Informe

• Competencias esceniales de los profesores de partería 
• Desarrollando capacidades de los profesores de partería  
• Herramienta de adaptación de las competencias esenciales de profesores de partería 
• Strengthening quality midwifery education for universal health coverage 2030 

Publicación Científica 

• Situación de la política nacional sobre el acompañante durante el parto en América Latina y el Caribe: brechas y desafíos 

Seminario Web 

• WHO Collaborating Centers midwifery network webinar series - 2020-2021  

PAHO/WHO CC in Public Health and Aging (CUB-20) 

Capacitación 

• Atención de Salud para las Personas Mayores. Acreditación Internacional de Competencias (ACAPEM-Nivel Básico) 

PAHO/WHO CC for Age-Friendly Cities and Communities (CAN-97)*

Report

• Guide d'accompagnement pour la réalisation de la démarche Municipalité amie des aînés (2e édition) et sa boîte à outils

PAHO/WHO CC in Integrated Care for Healthy Aging (MEX-36) 

Publication

• Developed activities related to the dissemination of the ICOPE Integrated Care Model.
• Standards of competence for delivering integrated care for older persons.

PAHO/WHO CC on Quality of Care in Health Service Delivery (MEX-25)*

Report

• Estrategia y plan de acción para mejorar la calidad de la atención en la prestación de servicios de salud 2020-2025

Training

• Prevención del conflicto contra los profesionales de la salud

Web-based product

• Global point prevalence survey of antimicrobial consumption and resistance
• Conoce y escucha los 10 derechos generales de los pacientes en lenguas Indígenas
• Recomendaciones en lenguas Indígenas
• Infografías basadas en recomendaciones con fundamento en las guías de práctica clínica
• Boletín sobre de la mejora de la calidad de la atención médica y la seguridad del paciente

PAHO/WHO CC for Quality-Improvement, Evidence-Based Dentistry (USA-429) 

Training

• Oral health surveys: basic methods - 5th edition

PAHO/WHO CC for Promoting Family and Child Health (USA-379) 

Report

• Abordaje y la prevención de errores que ocurren en el cuidado de los recién nacidos 
• Prevención de infecciones asociadas a la atención neonatológica 
• Neonatal transport in developing country settings: a systematic review 

Scientific Publication

• Seasonal Influenza Prevention and Control Progress in Latin America and the Caribbean in the Context of the Global Influenza Strategy and the COVID-19 Pandemic

• Prevalence and Predictors of Low Birth Weight in a Rural Guatemalan Community

PAHO/WHO CC to Strengthen Human Milk Banks (BRA-87) 

Report

• Human milk donation: lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic  

PAHO/WHO CC for Addiction and Mental Health (CAN-29)*

Capacitación  

• Evaluación de los trastornos del espectro alcohólico fetal 

Informe

• Alcohol, gender, culture and harms in the Americas: PAHO multicentric study final report  
• Global status report on alcohol and health - 2018 
• Herramienta sobre políticas tributarias y de precios del alcohol  
• Regional status report on alcohol and health in the Americas - 2015  
• Informe sobre la situación del alcohol y la salud en la Región de las Américas - 2020 
• Alcohol y Salud Pública en las Américas: UN CASO PARA LA ACCIÓN 
• Prevention of alcohol-related injuries in the Americas: from evidence to policy action

Producto basado en la web  

• Global information system on alcohol and health  

Publicación Científica 

• Mortality in the Americas from 2013-2015 resulting from diseases, conditions, and injuries which are 100% alcohol-attributable   

Seminario Web 

• Can the Americas reduce harmful use of alcohol by 2030?  

PAHO/WHO CC for Alcohol Epidemiology and Injury (USA-456) 

Publicación Científica 

• Traumatismos causados por el tránsito y consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en pacientes del departamento de urgencias en Perú y República Dominicana 

Seminario Web 

• Estudio regional sobre alcohol, drogas y lesiones viales en salas de emergencia: Primeros hallazgos 

PAHO/WHO CC on Alcohol and Public Health Policy Research (CAN-114) 

Web-based product

• The International Model of Alcohol Harms and Policies (New)

Scientific Publication

• Assessing Sustainable Development Goal Target Indicator 3.5.2: Trends in alcohol per capita consumption in the Americas 1990–2016 (New)

PAHO/WHO CC on Tobacco Control Surveillance and Evaluation (USA-307) 

Capacitación 

• Control mundial del tabaco: las enseñanzas de los expertos 
• Learning from the experts: a course for healthcare professionals

Informe

• Evaluación del cumplimiento de las normas que rigen el empaquetado y el etiquetado de los productos de tabaco
• State of the evidence: flavored tobacco product bans or restrictions  
• Informe sobre el control del tabaco en la Región de las Américas - 2018 

Producto basado en la web  

• Second-hand smoke monitoring  
• Real time artificial intelligence for tobacco control  
• Tobacco pack surveillance system
• Country laws regulating e‐cigarettes

Publicación Científica 

• Measuring the illicit cigarette market in Mexico: a cross validation of two methodologies 
• Improving the implementation of tobacco control policies in low‐and middle‐income countries: a proposed framework 
• Association of Ontario’s ban on menthol cigarettes with smoking behavior 1 month after implementation 
• Compliance with Uruguay’s single presentation requirement 

PAHO/WHO CC for Childhood Cancer (USA-445) 

Campaña  

• CureAll: all hands in global photo story campaign    

Informe

• WHO global initiative for childhood cancer: an overview    
• CureAll framework: WHO global initiative for childhood cancer

Producto basado en la web 

• Portal Conocimientos y Acción 
• SJCARES systems  
• SJCARES policy monitor  

PAHO/WHO CC for Social Marketing and Social Change to Address Non-Communicable Diseases (USA-404)* 

Capacitación 

• Building capacity for community engagement in salt reduction applying social marketing - 2015
• Building capacity for community engagement in salt reduction applying social marketing - 2017 
• Introducción al Programa de Mercadeo Social para la Salud Pública

Informe

• Salt reduction in Latin America: a regional social marketing and communication plan 

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and community intervention in Epilepsy (HON-1) 

Capacitación

• Epilepsia en atención primaria para América Latina - 2021 

Informe

• Strategy and plan of action for epilepsy - 2018
• El abordaje de la epilepsia en el sector de la salud pública - 2018
• Epilepsia en Latinoamérica  

PAHO/WHO CC for Research on Psychiatric Epidemiology and Mental Health (USA-416)*

Capacitación 

• Geriatric Psychiatry Fellowship Training Program 

Informe

• Mortalidad por suicidio en la Región de las Américas. Informe regional - 2010-2014 
• Treatment gap in the Americas 

Publicación Científica 

• Mental health in the Americas: an overview of the treatment gap  

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Training in Mental Health (CAN-32)*

Capacitación 

• mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings 
• Integration of mental health into primary care virtual 

PAHO/WHO CC for Education and Service Development for People with Epilepsy (CHI-20)  

Capacitación 

• XI Simposio Internacional de Epilepsia: un desafío constante 31 de julio 2021 – grabación del día 1 ; grabación del día 2  
• 10° Simposio Internacional de Epilepsia  
• Implementación del programa mhGAP en Epilepsia en Chile  

Seminario web

• Pandemia Covid-19, Epilepsia y Salud Mental: De Lo Biológico a lo Psicosocial   
• Epilepsia y Salud Reproductiva de la Mujer  
• Aprendamos sobre: Telecuidado en enfermedades crónicas: el caso de la epilepsia  

PAHO/WHO CC for Rehabilitation (BRA-80) 

Informe

• Consideraciones relativas a la rehabilitación durante el brote de COVID-19 
• Reabilitação após a COVID-19: confira o guia de apoio ao autocuidado produzido pelo IMREA  
• Consideraciones relativas a la discapacidad durante el brote de COVID-19 

Producto basado en la web 

• Global call for measuring access to assistive technology using the WHO rapid Assistive Technology Assessment (rATA)  
• Coronavirus: recomendaciones para personas con discapacidad 

Publicación Científica 

• Reabilitação em sistemas de saúde 

PAHO/WHO CC for Nutrition Policy for Chronic Disease Prevention (CAN-87) 

Publicación Científica 

• Sodium levels in package foods sold in 14 Latin America and Caribbean countries: food label analysis

Seminario Web 

• Es hora de tomar ACCIÓN sobre la sal" - Semana de sensibilización de la Sal 2019 

PAHO/WHO CC for Injury Control (USA-210) 

Informe

• INSPIRE. Siete estrategias para poner fin a la violencia contra los niños y las niñas

PAHO/WHO CC for Reference and Research of Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fevers Virosis (ARG-19) 

Capacitación 

• Teórico práctico en aislamientos virales y cultivos celulares  
• IX curso de fiebres hemorragicas virales   

PAHO/WHO CC for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Influenza (USA-118) 

Informe

• Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2019- 2020 northern hemisphere influenza season 

Producto basado en la web  

• CDC laboratory support for influenza surveillance 

Publicación Científica 

• Burden of influenza-associated respiratory hospitalizations in the Americas, 2010–2015 

PAHO/WHO CC for Arboviruses (MEX-32) 

Training and Capacity Building

• Carried out at least 2 regional workshops to improve the laboratory diagnosis and surveillance capacity of yellow fever and has supported the validation and evaluation of the commercial kits available for the diagnosis of arboviruses.

PAHO/WHO CC on Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne and Environmental Bacteria (MEX-33)

Report

• Resistencia a los antimicrobianos: herramientas tecnológicas de vanguardia para su vigilancia

PAHO/WHO CC for Surveillance, Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and other Foodborne Diseases (USA-417) 

Capacitación 

• PulseNet Training: PFGE Laboratory, Software Analysis, and MLVA Training 

Producto basado en la web  

• Educational materials 
• PulseNet

Publicación Científica 

• Foodborne illness acquired in the United States—major pathogens 
• PulseNet Latin America and the Caribbean Network: present and future 
• PulseNet international: vision for the implementation of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for global food-borne disease surveillance 

PAHO/WHO CC on Laboratory Biosafety (MEX-31) 

Laboratory Activities

• Built and implemented a robust Laboratory Quality Management System that is now a model at the regional level and is mandatory for the Mexican Network of Public Health Laboratories.

PAHO/WHO CC in Laboratory Quality Management  (MEX-34) 

Training and Capacity Building

• In-service training “Integrated Management System” for the State Public Health Laboratories of Mexico.
• Training and updating course for auditors under the international standards ISO 19011:2018, ISO 9001:2015, ISO 15189:2012, and ISO 35001:2019.
• Biological Risk Management and its Integration into the Quality Management System.

PAHO/WHO CC for Resilient Health Services Division  (MEX-35) 

Web-based products

• Support PAHO/WHO in the development of the Hospital Safety Index.
• Supported the development of the Hospital Incident Command System course.

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Policy Guidance in Humanitarian Health Assistance (USA-437)*

Capacitación 

• Health emergencies in large populations

PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Community Health and Development (USA-463)

Informe

• Applying an Equity Lens: Reflecting on Harms from the COVID-19 Response and Mitigation Strategies Implemented in a Local Public Health System 

Publicación Científica

• Participatory monitoring and evaluation of the COVID-19 response in a local public health system 

• Monitoring and evaluating the Ebola response effort in two Liberian communities 

• Assuring health access and culturally competent health services through the Latino Health for All Coalition 

Capacitación

• Equity Lens Protocol:  Systematically Reflecting on Harms and Mitigation Strategies Related to the COVID-19 Response 

• Sensemaking Protocol: Systematic reflection on graphs of COVID-19 new cases and response activities  

Producto basado en la web

• Healthy Cities Action Toolkit 

• African Health Action Toolkit 

• Addressing Social Determinants of Health in Your Community 

PAHO/WHO CC for Training and Research in Health Promotion and Health Education (PUR-263) 

Capacitación 

• Oficina de coordinación de la red Iberoamericana de universidades promotoras de la salud (RIUPS)  

Publicación Científica 

• Health promotion in disaster situations  
• The university as a community: health-promoting universities (2018) 
   

PAHO/WHO CC for Healthy Cities and Health Promotion (BRA-68) 

Informe

• Estrategia y plan de acción sobre la promoción de la salud en el contexto de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible 2019-2030 

Publicación Científica 

• Curitiba statement on health promotion and equity: voices from people concerned with global inequities

• Brazil’s unified health system and the national health promotion policy: prospects, results, progress and challenges in times of crisis

• Red intersectorial del Programa Salud en la Escuela: sujetos, percepciones y prácticas 

Producto basado en la web  

• Contribuição das instituições de ensino superior (IES) para a localização da agenda dos ODS na cidade de São Paulo  

PAHO/WHO CC for Health Promotion and Sexual and Reproductive Health (COL-16) 

Campaña 

• Concurso de Experiencias Significativas en Promoción de la Salud en la Región de las Américas 

Publicación Científica 

• Tendencias teóricas y prácticas de la promoción de la salud en el ámbito escolar en Latinoamérica 

PAHO/WHO CC for Research on Healthy Settings (USA-213) 

Capacitación 

• Planning for community food systems  

Informe

• WHO housing and health guidelines (2018)  
• Policy briefs on food systems 

Publicación Científica 

• Sanitation for all: research and practice framework to improve equity for people with disabilities 
• Laddering up? research and practice framework in sanitation for people with disabilities in low-income settings

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Training on Housing Related Disease and Injury Prevention (USA-386) *

Informe

• Implementation guide for the WHO international healthy housing guidelines 

Publicación Científica 

• Measuring the effect of housing quality interventions: the case of the New Zealand "rental warrant of fitness" 
   

CC de la OPS/OMS sobre vivienda saludable (CUB-16) 

Informe

• WHO electromagnetic field (EMF) programme - Cuba 

CC de la OPS/OMS sobre promoción de la salud (CAN-110) 

Capacitación 

• Health promotion virtual course (2021)  

PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre in Research and Training in Environmental Epidemiology (MEX-18)
 

Web-based product

• This CC has developed a training course on environmental epidemiology and has translated AirQ+, a tool to estimate impacts of air pollution on health, into Spanish, as well as support in the evaluation and development of capacities for the integration of pollution, climate change, and health policies in Trinidad and Tobago and now in the Dominican Republic.
• Updated and reviewed the PAHO Climate Change and Health online training course.

PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre in Health Risk Assessment and Children's Environmental Health (MEX-21)
 

Web-based product

• This CC has developed a course on risk assessment and the impacts of electro-waste-electronics on children's and environmental health, as well as communication materials on the risks of micro and nano plastics and lead on human and environmental health.
• CRCP units: a strategy to assess health risks in children in contaminated communities.

PAHO/WHO CC for Research and Training on Housing Related Disease and Injury Prevention (CAN-43) 

Capacitación 

• Pandemic awareness  
• Violence in the workplace 
• Occupational and environmental cancer: recognition and prevention 

Producto basado en la web  

• Infectious disease outbreaks/pandemics portal
• Healthy workplaces portal
• Aging workers portal  
• Young/new workers portal 
• Healthy minds at work portal 
• Guarding minds at work
• Psychologically safe leaders assessment 

PAHO/WHO CC for National and Global Health Law (USA-414) 

Producto basado en la web  

• COVID-19 law lab

PAHO/WHO CC on Communication Strategies and Social Network Content (CUB-31) 

Campaña  

• Materiales comunicativos para la prevención de la COVID-19  

Capacitación 

• Análisis crítico de la comunicación y promoción de salud en las escuelas cubanas