Surveillance and alcohol
Harmful use of alcohol surveillance is important because:
- To inform national authorities about the need to improve policies to reduce alcohol related harms.
- To decrease its impact on overall mortality and alcohol-specific mortality, as well as injuries, mental disorders, development disorder, and other health conditions.
- It allows information exchange to implement and evaluate measures for harmful use of alcohol and its impact on the population.
Harmful use of alcohol commitments:
- Monitoring and surveillance is one of the alcohol policy areas of the WHO Global Strategy for Reducing Harmful Use of Alcohol adopted in 2010.
- A strategic area of the Regional Plan of Action adopted in 2011.
Mandates and Strategies
Global Strategy to Reduce Harmful Use of Alcohol - 2010
Strategies to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol - 2008
Alcohol Use - 2010 (Resolutions)
Plan of Action to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol
Plan of Action to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol - 2011 (Resolution)
Strategies to Reduce Harmful Use of Alcohol: Draft Global Strategy - 2010
Public Health Problems Caused by Harmful Use of Alcohol - 2005
Tools
STEPS
GSHS
Surveillance and breastfeeding
It is one of the most effective ways to ensure child health and survival. WHO/PAHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and to continue with complementary food for up to 2 years to prevent childhood illness and ensure nutritional requirements, as well as long-term benefits for the children.
Mandates and Strategies
Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding
Tools
GNPR
Surveillance and cancer
In 2012 cancer accounted for 1.3 million deaths in the Americas. A third of all of those could be prevented by avoiding key risk factors like tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity.
Mandates and Strategies
WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)
Cancer Prevention and Control Resolution
Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on Nutrition in Health and Development, 2006-2015 (Resolution)
Regional Policy and Strategy for ensuring quality of Health Care, including patient safety - 2007 (Resolution)
Primary Health Care in the Americas: Lessons learned over 25 years and future challenges - 2003 (Resolution)
Public Health Response to Chronic Diseases - 2002 (Resolution)
PAHO Strategic Plan 2008-2012
Health in the Americas 2008-2017
Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on an Integrated Approach to the Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases - 2006
Trans Fat-Free - Declaration of Rio de Janeiro
Tools
CCS
STEPS
MAPI tool
Surveillance and cardiovascular disease
It is the leading cause of death in the Americas and it affects men twice as much than women. Population strategies and high-risk management of the disease are indispensable to reduce the frequency of cardiovascular disease, as well as hypertension control, a high prevalence risk factor in the Americas.
Mandates and Strategies
Cardiovascular Disease, especially Hypertension
Tools
STEPS
CCS
MAPI tool
Surveillance and chronic kidney disease
CKD is a worldwide public health problem with more prevalence in the elderly population Central American countries have reported a growing number of cases of chronic kidney disease that are not related to traditional causes such as diabetes and hypertension. Cases are concentrated among young men living in low-income agricultural communities along the Pacific coast. The disease appears to be associated with factors including environmental contaminants (most likely agrochemicals) and occupational risks (poor working conditions and insufficient water intake while working in high temperatures), among others. Precise data on cases is difficult to collect, but experts believe that thousands of Central Americans have died from the disease over the past 10 years, most of them in Nicaragua and El Salvador.
Mandates and Strategies
Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities in Central America - 2013
Tools
STEPS
MAPI
Surveillance and diabetes
In 2014, around 422 million adults aged over 18 years were living with diabetes worldwide, with 62 million (15.0%) of these population living in the Americas. The overall prevalence of raised blood glucose in the Americas has increased from 5.0% in 1980 to 8.3% in 2014 (8.6% males and 8.4 females). The increase in the prevalence of diabetes may be explained as a result of the population growth and aging, the rise in age-specific prevalences or the interaction among these two aspects. Also, the associated risk factors such as overweight and obesity, together with insufficient physical activity, are estimated to cause a large proportion of the diabetes burden.
Mandates and Strategies
Population and Individual approaches to the prevention and management of Diabetes and Obesity - 2011
Priorities for cardiovascular health in the Americas - 2011
Tools related to alcohol surveillance
CCS
STEPS
MAPI tool
GSHS
GNPR
Surveillance and disabilities and rehabilitation
Only 3% of people living with disability in the Americas have access to rehabilitation services, making them more vulnerable to preventable secondary diseases and other health problems. Vulnerable groups, such as victims of violence, older adults, and people living in poverty, suffer the greatest impact from disabilities.
Mandates and Strategies
PAHO Plan of Action on Disabilities and Rehabilitation - 2014
Tools
Mental Health Atlas
Surveillance and mental health
Mental health surveillance is important because:
- It provides decision makers with valid, reliable and updated information about mental health basic indicators
- It helps monitor progress of policies, national and regional mental health plans
- Advocates for the need of services, human resources, and economic resources for mental health
Mandates and Strategies
PAHO Plan of Action on Mental Health 2015-2020
Brasilia Consensus on Mental Health Services - 2013
Strategy and Plan of Action on Epilepsy - 2011
Mental Health - 2011 (Resolution)
Panama Consensus - 2010
Strategy and Plan of Action on Epilepsy - 2009 (Resolution)
Strategy and Action Plan on Mental Health - 2009
Disability: Prevention and Rehabilitation - 2006 (Resolution)
Mental Health: responding to the call for action - 2012
Mental Health - 2001 Mental Health - 2001 (Resolution)
Tools
Mental Health Atlas
Surveillance and forms of malnutrition
The term malnutrition comprises 3 groups of conditions:
- Undernutrition: wasting (low weight-for-height), stunting (low height-for-age) and underweight (low weight-for-age)
- Micronutrient deficiency or excess
- Other diet related diseases
Mandates and Strategies
Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on Nutrition in Health and Development, 2006 - 2015
Strategy and Plan of Action for the Reduction of Chronic Malnutrition - 2010
Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on an Integrated Approach to the Prevention and Control of Chronic Diseases, including Diet and Physical Activity - 2006 (Resolution)
Tools
CCS
STEPS
GSHS
MAPI tool
GNPR
Surveillance and obesity
Obesity and overweight have assumed epidemic proportions in the region of the Americas, which now has the highest prevalence of all the World Health Organization regions: 62% of adults are overweight or obese. This epidemic has not spared children and adolescents, and 20% to 25% are affected by overweight or obesity.
Mandates and Strategies
Population-based and individual approaches to the prevention and management of diabetes and obesity - 2008 (Resolution)
Plan of Action for the Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health - 2004
Fiscal policies for diet and the prevention of noncommunicable diseases
Tools
CCS
Surveillance and physical activity
Physical activity is key to avoid several chronic diseases that burden the Americas. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity, such as walking or biking for utilitarian purposes, impacts positively on a person's health.
Mandates and Strategies
Recommendations from a Pan American Health Organization Expert Consultation on the Marketing of Food and Non-Alcoholic Beverages to Children in the Americas - 2011
Tools
STEPS
CCS
GSHS
Surveillance and road safety
Road safety surveillance is important because:
- It promotes decision makers to apply strategies that have been proven effective to prevent road traffic injuries
- It helps monitor progress made on recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention
Road safety commitments:
- The Global Plan for the Decade on road safety 2011-2020, which urges countries to reduce road traffic deaths based on global indicators and their 5 pillars: road safety management, safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, safer road users, and post-crash response.
- Plan of Action on Road Safety, where Member States are recommended to follow guides of the Global Plan for the Decade and participate in monitoring and evaluation of their road safety activities.
- Road safety was included for the first time in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as target 3.6 (the target is to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020)and 11.2 (to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all by 2030).
- Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety calls for all Member States to increase focus on intersectoral approaches, implement SDGs and renew their compromise towards Global Plan for the Decade.
Mandates and Strategies
Brasilia Declaration on road safety - 2015
Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 (Resolution)
Improving Global Road Safety - 2010 (Resolution)
Tools
Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS)
Surveillance and road safety
Road safety surveillance is important because:
- It promotes decision makers to apply strategies that have been proven effective to prevent road traffic injuries
- It helps monitor progress made on recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention
Road safety commitments:
- The Global Plan for the Decade on road safety 2011-2020, which urges countries to reduce road traffic deaths based on global indicators and their 5 pillars: road safety management, safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, safer road users, and post-crash response.
- Plan of Action on Road Safety, where Member States are recommended to follow guides of the Global Plan for the Decade and participate in monitoring and evaluation of their road safety activities.
- Road safety was included for the first time in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as target 3.6 (the target is to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020)and 11.2 (to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all by 2030).
- Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety calls for all Member States to increase focus on intersectoral approaches, implement SDGs and renew their compromise towards Global Plan for the Decade.
Mandates and Strategies
Brasilia Declaration on road safety - 2015
Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 (Resolution)
Improving Global Road Safety - 2010 (Resolution)
Tools
Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS)
Surveillance and road safety
Road safety surveillance is important because:
- It promotes decision makers to apply strategies that have been proven effective to prevent road traffic injuries
- It helps monitor progress made on recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention
Road safety commitments:
- The Global Plan for the Decade on road safety 2011-2020, which urges countries to reduce road traffic deaths based on global indicators and their 5 pillars: road safety management, safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, safer road users, and post-crash response.
- Plan of Action on Road Safety, where Member States are recommended to follow guides of the Global Plan for the Decade and participate in monitoring and evaluation of their road safety activities.
- Road safety was included for the first time in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as target 3.6 (the target is to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020)and 11.2 (to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all by 2030).
- Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety calls for all Member States to increase focus on intersectoral approaches, implement SDGs and renew their compromise towards Global Plan for the Decade.
Mandates and Strategies
Brasilia Declaration on road safety - 2015
Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 (Resolution)
Improving Global Road Safety - 2010 (Resolution)
Tools
Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS)
Surveillance and road safety
Road safety surveillance is important because:
- It promotes decision makers to apply strategies that have been proven effective to prevent road traffic injuries
- It helps monitor progress made on recommendations of the World report on road traffic injury prevention
Road safety commitments:
- The Global Plan for the Decade on road safety 2011-2020, which urges countries to reduce road traffic deaths based on global indicators and their 5 pillars: road safety management, safer roads and mobility, safer vehicles, safer road users, and post-crash response.
- Plan of Action on Road Safety, where Member States are recommended to follow guides of the Global Plan for the Decade and participate in monitoring and evaluation of their road safety activities.
- Road safety was included for the first time in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as target 3.6 (the target is to halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents by 2020)and 11.2 (to provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all by 2030).
- Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety calls for all Member States to increase focus on intersectoral approaches, implement SDGs and renew their compromise towards Global Plan for the Decade.
Mandates and Strategies
Brasilia Declaration on road safety - 2015
Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 Plan of Action on road safety - 2011 (Resolution)
Improving Global Road Safety - 2010 (Resolution)
Tools
Global Status Report on Road Safety (GSRRS)